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PANNA Corporate Profile: Monsanto Company

November 2005

Monsanto

Monsanto is one of the world's leading pesticide manufacturers and is the global leader in agricultural biotechnology. Between 1996 and 1998, Monsanto followed a strategy of buying out and forming relationships with the majority of U.S. and international seed companies. As a result, the company acquired US$8 billion worth of seed and biotechnology companies globally. [1] By 2002, Monsanto seeds were planted on 91% of all land devoted to genetically engineered (GE) crops. [2] Many of these seeds were Roundup Ready (seeds genetically engineered for resistance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Monsanto's most popular herbicide, Roundup).

Monsanto at a Glance

Headquarters St. Louis , Missouri

Key subsidiaries Cargill Seeds, DEKALB Genetics, First Line Seed, Mahyco (Maharasta Hybrid Seed Co), Plant Breeding International, Asgrow, Calgene, Holden's Foundation Seeds Inc., Sementes Agroceres, Agaracatus, Monsoy [3]

Product sectors Agricultural Productivity (58%), Seeds & Genomics (42%) [4]

Employees 12,600 [5]

Sales Distribution North America (59%), Latin America (20%), Europe-Africa (14%), Canada (5%), Asia-Pacific (7%) [6]

Revenues In crop year 2004 revenue was US$5.457 billion [7]

Net income In crop year 2004, Monsanto earned US$267 million [8]

Executive compensation In 2004, Monsanto paid its CEO Hugh Grant US$937,500 as well as US$1,200,000 in bonuses. The company's four other executives received an average of US$456,788 in salary alone. [9]

Type of corporation Public (traded on the New York Stock Exchange)

Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology

Monsanto's stated goal is to strive to “integrate insect protection and weed control into [seeds].” [10] This strategy has boosted pesticide sales and helped to place the company in a dominant position in the agricultural biotechnology market.

Pesticides

Monsanto is responsible for a wide range of harmful pesticide products and ingredients, including:

Alachlor Widely used herbicide and likely carcinogen. EPA has detected alachlor at levels above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in groundwater in 15 states. [11] In 1984, Monsanto conducted a series of groundwater contamination tests as part of a successful re-registration effort for alachlor. These tests, however, suffered from biased sampling, in which sites were picked so as to minimize the potential for alachlor explosure. [12] Alachlor generates tens of millions of dollars in sales annually for Monsanto. [13]

Atrazine Second most commonly used herbicide in the U.S. [14] According to the Environmental Working Group, atrazine has been found to induce mammary cancer in repeated studies of female rats. [15] According to a report released by the same organization, atrazine was present in the tap water of 28 out of 29 cities tested. [16]

Butachlor Carcinogenic herbicide, never registered in the U.S. but produced by Monsanto for export. [17] Long-term health studies submitted by Monsanto were rejected by EPA. EPA cited “residue, environmental, fish and wildlife, and toxicological” concerns with the chemical. [18]

Carbaryl Heavily used insecticide (10-15 million pounds used annually in the U.S. ). [19] Carbaryl acts on insects and other living organisms by inhibiting acetyl cholinesterase, and preventing proper transmission of messages by the nervous system. [20] Carbaryl is moderately to very toxic. [21] In humans, acute effects of carbaryl exposure include headaches, nausea, coordination problems, and difficulty breathing. It also suppresses the immune system.

Glyphosate (Roundup) Popular, broad-spectrum herbicide. In 2000, Monsanto began losing market share as its U.S. glyphosate patent expired. [22] More recently, sales have risen. In 2004, Roundup and other glyphosate-based herbicides comprised US$709 million of the company's gross profit. The evolution of glyphosate-resistant horseweed, ryegrass, waterhemp and goosegrass have created concern about the long-term viability of glyphosate application techniques. [23]

Methyl-parathion Insecticide that can damage the central nervous system and lead to dizziness, vomiting, tremors, blurred vision and death. [24]According to the Environmental Working Group, an estimated 320,000 children aged one to five consume methyl parathion in excess of the reference (or “acceptable”) dose every day. [25] Methyl parathion is a neurotoxicant and a World Health Organization class 1 extremely hazardous chemical.

Toxaphene Carcinogenic and acutely toxic insecticide that can persist in soil for as many as 12 years. [28] Toxaphene is found at high levels in fish. [29] EPA considers toxaphene a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutant. [30]

Agricultural Biotechnology

Monsanto is a pioneer in agricultural biotechnology. It produces genetically altered seeds for crops that are resistant to herbicide and to insects (“Bt crops,” which are engineered to contain a bacterial toxin). The company estimates that it controls more than 70% of the world's insect- and herbicide-resistant crops. [31] The company developed and patented so-called “Terminator technology,” in which plants are engineered to be sterile so that growers must purchase new seeds. [32] Monsanto, which owns numerous patents for transgenic seeds, has sought to protect its interests through aggressive legal action against farmers. [33] In the mid-1990's, Monsanto commercialized recombinant (genetically engineered) bovine growth hormone (rBGH), a hormone used to increase milk. [34]

Monsanto has become a poster child for the risks and harms posed by the agricultural biotechnology industry. In addition to its market dominance and aggressive behavior, the company has sometimes made unpopular public statements. For example, Phil Angel, former director of corporate communications at Monsanto, stated that “Monsanto should not have to vouchsafe the safety of biotech food. Our interest is in selling as much of it as possible. Assuring its safety is the FDA's job.” [35]

Genetically engineered crops pose serious risks to public health and the environment, increase reliance on pesticides, deepen agribusiness control over farmers and undermine food security and sovereignty. M ost biotech seeds are licensed to farmers, not sold: making it illegal to replant, save, trade, share or breed them as farmers have done for millennia. G lobal food security requires access to land, small-scale, ecologically based farming systems and the crop diversity needed to respond to varied and changing environments and growing conditions. Genetically engineered crops, in contrast, are an extension of industrial agricultural practices that concentrate land ownership, rely on synthetic pesticides, fertilizers and other off-farm inputs, and dramatically reduce crop biodiversity.

For an overview of agricultural biotechnology and its impacts, see PANNA's online presentation, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods.” [36]

A Wide Range of Impacts

Monsanto's social and environmental impacts are very broad:

Hazardous wastes Monsanto is a potentially responsible party for at least 93 Superfund sites. [37] Four of Monsanto's six industrial facilities in the U.S. rank amongst the worst 40% of comparable facilities in total toxic releases. [38]

Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH, rBST) Monsanto brought rBGH to market in the mid-1990's amidst allegations that it prevented three British scientists from publishing a study regarding rBGH's impact on animal health. Furthermore, the company purportedly violated federal law by illegally promoting the hormone prior to rBGH's FDA approval, manipulated high-level government contacts to gain approval, and attempted to bribe Health Canada officials to approve it in Canada . [39] Monsanto has threatened and sometimes sued food companies that have labeled their products as rBGH-free. For example, Monsanto sued Oakhurst Dairy for including the statement that its milk contains no artificial hormones on the label. [40]

Price-fixing In January 2004, Monsanto was accused of illegal price fixing in the genetically engineered seed market. According to Julian Borger of the Guardian (UK), Monsanto spoke with competitors at Pioneer Hi-Bred, Novartis and Mycogen in an attempt to coordinate pricing policies. [41]

Dioxin According to EPA official Cate Jenkins, Monsanto knowingly submitted fraudulent data and studies about dioxin to EPA. Specifically, the company attempted to conceal contamination of its products, strategically rigged samples and fixed dioxin health studies. These efforts played a role in weakening dioxin regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). [42]

Plan Colombia As part of its effort to fight rebels and drug trafficking, the U.S. government approved the aerial spraying of coca crops in Colombia . The chemicals sprayed included a Roundup formulation (containing a glyphosate concentration 26 times higher than that recommended for agricultural use) in combination with a surfactant, called Cosmo-flux, which has not been approved by EPA. [43] According to many reports, family residences, food crops, rivers and forests have been sprayed, resulting in livestock deaths and human ailments. [44]

Industrial coolants (Polychlorinated Biphenyls, or PCBs) For four-decades, Monsanto benefited from a lucrative monopoly in the U.S. PCB market. [45] During this time, Monsanto regularly dumped PCBs in open pits and creeks in the city of Anniston , Alabama . In 1966, the company discovered and concealed its knowledge that in one creek, fish submerged for ten seconds would die, bleeding and shedding skin, as if dunked into boiling water. [46] Similarly, Monsanto suppressed a company study indicating that PCBs cause tumors in rats. [47] Though Monsanto stopped producing PCBs in 1977, two years before the substance was banned, PCB contamination continues to be a problem in Anniston and around the world today. [48]

False Advertisements In 1996, Monsanto settled a case brought against it by the New York state attorney general for false advertisement of its glyphosate-based products, including Roundup. [49] Monsanto paid a settlement of US$50,000 and agreed to stop referring to its glyphosate-containing products as “biodegradable” and “environmentally friendly.” [50]

In Focus: Patents on Life

Monsanto has made a concerted effort to acquire numerous patents related to genetic engineering techniques and genetically engineered seed varieties. Typically, farmers purchasing these seeds must pay licensing fees and sign a licensing agreement prohibiting seed saving and reuse and including other restrictions. Farmers violating the agreement face severe fines. [51]

In one case, although he claims that he never planted Monsanto's seed, Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser was sued by Monsanto after the company found genetically engineered Roundup Ready canola plants's growing in his fields. In fact, the plants may have contaminated Schmeiser's plots through pollen carried by wind from modified plants on nearby farms. Schemeiser says that the genetically engineered canola destroyed his own carefully developed local variety. He has faced severe consequences as a result of the suit. [52]

Schmeiser's situation is not isolated. Tom Wiley, a farmer in North Dakota , put it this way: “Farmers are being sued for having GMOs on their property that they did not buy, do not want, will not use and cannot sell.” [53]

Undue Influence

To advance their interests, giants like Monsanto invest heavily in political and social influence. Some of Monsanto's efforts to influence policy and public opinion include:

Trade organizations and think tanks Some of the trade and policy organizations in which Monsanto participates include: [54]

Campaign Contributions The Monsanto Citizenship Fund, a political action committee, donated US$390,703 to federal candidates from 1994 to 2002 (58.9% to Republicans), or US$78,140.60 per election cycle. [55]Monsanto gave US$1.3 million in soft money donations in 2002. [56] Monsanto employees also made direct donations to candidates for federal office in 2002 totaling US$465,141. [57]

Lobbying From 1998 to 2004, Monsanto spent US$22,504,610 lobbying the federal government. In 2004 alone, the company spent US$3,257,000. [58] The trade organizations to which Monsanto belongs also employ lobbyists.

In Focus: The Revolving Door

High-level employees commonly rotate between industry and the public agencies that regulate them, providing insider know-how and friendly connections through which rules can be bent and loopholes exploited. Monsanto employees have passed through this so-called revolving door many times.

For example, Linda Fisher worked from 1995 to 2000 as Monsanto's Vice President and Corporate Officer, responsible for government relations and public affairs. She then became Deputy Administrator at EPA until 2003. [59]

Michael Taylor worked at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), then worked as an attorney representing Monsanto, went back to work for FDA, [60] and then joined Monsanto as Vice President for Public Policy. At EPA, Taylor helped draft FDA's policy on genetically modified foods [61]

Others who have passed from Monsanto to government or vice versa include:

  • Gwendolyn S. King, who served on the Monsanto Board of Directors, also served as the 11 th Commissioner of Social Security from 1989-1992 and has served on President Bush's Commission to Strengthen Social Security [62]
  • George H. Poste, another member of Monsanto's Board of Directors is also a member of the Defense Science Board of the U.S. Department of Defense [63]
  • Michael (Mickey) Kantor served as a United States Trade Representative from 1993-1996 [64] and has been a member of Monsanto's board of directors since 1997 [65] [66]

Resources for Action

Groups and individuals are taking action to hold Monsanto accountable for its impacts. The following resources are good starting points for more information about Monsanto and how you can help in these efforts.

Monsanto ( http://www.monsanto.com )
Monsanto's Web site.

Scorecard ( http://www.scorecard.org )
Environmental Defense's toxic release information Web site. You can look up Monsanto's toxic release information and locations of its U.S. facilities.

Hoovers online ( http://www.hoovers.com )
Provides financial information about Monsanto and links to detailed reports and filings.

Genewatch ( http://www.genewatch.org/GeneSrch/Companies/Monsanto.htm )
Monsanto Profile.

Ban Terminator ( http://www.banterminator.org/ )
Campaign to outlaw Terminator technology.

Mindfully.org ( http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Monsanto-Roundup-Glyphosate.htm )
Archived articles about Monsanto.

PAN Pesticides Database ( http://www.pesticideinfo.org )
Pesticide Action Network North America's pesticide database allows you to search for toxicity, regulatory and other information by chemical or product.

[1] Kimiko Inouye, “Corporate Profiles: Monsanto,” Polaris Institute , February 2004, < http://www.polarisinstitute.org/ > on 23 March 2004.

[2] Kimiko Inouye, “Corporate Profiles: Monsanto,” Polaris Institute , February 2004, < http://www.polarisinstitute.org/ > on 23 March 2004.

[3] “The Monsanto Company,” GeneWatch , < http://www.genewatch.org/GeneSrch/Companies/Monsanto.htm > on 21 March 2004.

[4] 2003 data from Hoovers Online < http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/ops.xhtml?COID=100932 > on 22 March 2004.

[5] 2003 data from Hoovers Online < http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/factsheet.xhtml?COID=100932 > on 22 March 2004.

[6] 2003 data from Hoovers Online < http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/ops.xhtml?COID=100932 > on 22 March 2004.

[7] “2004 Annual Report,” < http://www.monsanto.com/ > on 25 July 2005.

[8] 2004 data from Hoovers Online < http://www.hoovers.com/monsanto/--ID__100932--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml > on 25 July 2005.

[9] “2004 Annual Report,” < http://www.monsanto.com/ > on 18 July 2005.

[10] “Products & Solutions,” < http://www.monsanto.com/ > 18 July 2005.

[11] “Consumer Factsheet on: Alachlor,” Environmental Protection Agency , < http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/alachlor.html > on 25 March 2004.

[12] Dan Fagan et al, “Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law and Endangers Your Health,” Center for Public Integrity , 1996, < http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Monsanto-Tricks-Atrazine.htm > on 25 March 2004.

[13] Dan Fagin, Marianne Lavelle, and the Center for Public Integrity, Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law, and Endangers Your Health , Secaucus , NJ : Birch Lane Press, 1996, xxii.

[14] Goldie Bulumensytk, “The Story of Syngenta & Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley: The Price of Research,” The Chronicle of Higher Education , 31 October 2003, < http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Syngenta-Tyrone-Hayes31oct03.htm > on 7 March 2004.

[15] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens' Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group , 17 August 1995, < http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Home.html > on 7 March 2004.

[16] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens' Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group , 17 August 1995, < http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Home.html > on 7 March 2004.

[17] Sandra Marquardt, “Never-Registered Pesticides: Rejected Toxics Join the ‘Circle of Poison,'” Greenpeace , February 1992, < http://archive.greenpeace.org/gopher/campaigns/toxics/1992/neverreg.txt > on 24 March 2004.

[18] Sandra Marquardt, “Never-Registered Pesticides: Rejected Toxics Join the ‘Circle of Poison,'” Greenpeace , February 1992, < http://archive.greenpeace.org/gopher/campaigns/toxics/1992/neverreg.txt > on 24 March 2004.

[19] Caroline Cox, “Carbaryl,” Journal of Pesticide Reform , Vol. 13, No. 1, Spring 1993, < http://www.panna.org/resources/pestis/PESTIS.1996.18.html > on 25 March 2004.

[20] Caroline Cox, “Carbaryl,” Journal of Pesticide Reform , Vol. 13, No. 1, Spring 1993, < http://www.panna.org/resources/pestis/PESTIS.1996.18.html > on 25 March 2004.

[21] “Pesticide Information Profile: Carbaryl,” Extension Toxicology Network , October 1993, < http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/carbaryl-ext.html > on 25 March 2004.

[22] David Dechant, “Monsanto Sees Opportunity in Glyposate Resistant Volunteers Part 2,” Cropchoice , 15 January 2003, < http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry.asp?RecID=1299 > on 27 March 2004.

[23] Chris Boerboom, “Glyphosate Resistant Weeds,” WeedScience , March 2001, < http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry.asp?RecID=1299 > on 27 March 2004.

[24] “ToxFAQs for Methyl Parathion,” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , September 2001, < http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts48.html > on 25 March 2004.

[25] Richard Wiles et al, “Comments on Preliminary Risk Assessment Document for Methyl Parathion,” Environmental Working Group . 12 February 1999, < http://www.ewg.org/reports_content/methylp/ewg_mp.pdf > on 21 March 2004.

[26]John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta's Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, < http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf > on 7 March 2004.

[27] John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta's Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, < http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf > on 7 March 2004.

[28] “Chemicals: Toxaphene,” Natural Resources Defense Council , < http://www.nrdc.org/breastmilk/chem8.asp > on 25 March 2004.

[29] “Chemicals: Toxaphene,” Natural Resources Defense Council , < http://www.nrdc.org/breastmilk/chem8.asp > on 25 March 2004.

[30] “Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Chemical Program: Toxaphene,” Environmental Protection Agency , < http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pbt/toxaphene.htm > on 25 March 2004.

[31] “Monsanto Company,” Hoovers Online , < http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/overview.xhtml?ID=100932 > on 26 October 2005.

[32] Kimiko Inouye, “Monsanto: Behind the Scenes,” Polaris Institute , < http://www.polarisinstitute.org/polaris_project/bio_justice/corp_biotech/monsanto_profile.htm > on 26 October 2005.

[33] “Monsanto vs. U.S. Farmers,” Center for Food and Safety , < www.centerforfoodsafety.org/ Monsanto vs us farmers report.cfm > on 26 October 2005.

[34] “The rBGH Scandals,” Organic Consumers Association , < http://www.organicconsumers.org/text4.html > on 26 October 2005.

[35] Michael Pollan, “Playing God in the Garden,” New York Times, 25 October 1998.

[36] < http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html >.

[37] “Monsanto's Criminal Record for Environmental Contamination,” Greenpeace, < http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/media/publications/criminaltext.htm > on 24 March 2004.

[38] See < http://www.scorecard.org/ >.

[39] “The rBGH Scandals,” Organic Consumers Association , < http://www.organicconsumers.org/text4.html > on 26 March 2004.

[40] Margot Roosevelt/Leeds, “Got Hormones? The Simmering Issue of Milk Labels Boils Over When an Agrochemical Giant Sues Small Farmers in Maine ,” Time Magazine , 22 December 2003, < http://www.organicconsumers.org/rbgh/timemag121903.cfm > on 26 March 2004.

[41] Julian Borger, “Monsanto Accused of Price-Fixing,” The Guardian , 7 January 2004, < http://www.mindfully.org/GE/2004/Monsanto-Price-Fixing7jan04.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[42] Memo from Dr. Cate Jenkins to John West officer in charge of investigation of the falsification of dioxin health studies, < http://www.purefood.org/dioxcov.html > on 26 March 2004.

[43] “Congressman Decries Spraying of Roundup in Colombia : Says Practice Is a Health Hazard and Waste of Tax-Payers' Money,” 60 Minutes , 14 Jnauary 2002, < http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Roundup-Colombia-Hazard14jan02.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[44] Scott Wilson, “Us Helicopters Spray Monsanto's Toxic Roundup Herbicide on Columbian Campesinos,” Washington Post , 8 January 2001, < http://www.organicconsumers.org/monsanto/roundupcolumbia.cfm > on 26 March 2004.

[45] Michael Grunwald, “Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution: PCBs Drenched Alabama Town , But No One Was Ever Told,” Washington Post , 1 January 2001, < http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Monsanto-PCBs-Anniston.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[46] Michael Grunwald, “Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution: PCBs Drenched Alabama Town , But No One Was Ever Told,” Washington Post , 1 January 2001, < http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Monsanto-PCBs-Anniston.htm > on 25 October 2005.

[47] Michael Grunwald, “Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution: PCBs Drenched Alabama Town , But No One Was Ever Told,” Washington Post , 1 January 2001, < http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Monsanto-PCBs-Anniston.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[48] Michael Grunwald, “Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution: PCBs Drenched Alabama Town , But No One Was Ever Told,” Washington Post , 1 January 2001, < http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Monsanto-PCBs-Anniston.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[49] “Monsanto Agrees to Change Roundup ads,” < http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1997/262/262p13c.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[50] “Monsanto Agrees to Change Roundup ads,” < http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1997/262/262p13c.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[51] Kimiko Inouye, “Monsanto: Behind the Scenes,” Polaris Institute , < http://www.polarisinstitute.org/polaris_project/bio_justice/corp_biotech/monsanto_profile.htm > on 13 August 2005.

[52] “Monsanto vs. U.S. Farmers,” Center for Food and Safety , < www.centerforfoodsafety.org/ Monsanto vs us farmers report.cfm > on 13 August 2005.

[53] “Monsanto vs. U.S. Farmers,” Center for Food and Safety , < www.centerforfoodsafety.org/ Monsanto vs us farmers report.cfm > on 13 August 2005.

[54] “Monsanto,” ASEED , 1999, < http://www.groundup.org/fcorp.htm > on 26 March 2004.

[55] Information acquired from online searchable database of FEC PAC filings at < http://www.politicalmoneyline.com/ > on 26 December 2003.

[56] Kristin Gribben, “Biotech Profiles: Monsanto,” Capital Eye , < http://www.capitaleye.org/bio-monsanto.asp > on 7 March 2004.

[57] Kristin Gribben, “Biotech Profiles: Monsanto,” Capital Eye , < http://www.capitaleye.org/bio-monsanto.asp > on 7 March 2004.

[58] Monsanto Co. The Center for Public Integrity , < http://www.public-i.org/lobby/profile.aspx?act=clients&year=2003&cl=L002204 > on 11 August 2005.

[59] Sarah Wright, “Selling Food.Health.Hope™: the real story behind Monsanto Corporation,” MASIPAG, June 2003.

[60] “Michael Taylor Named Director of RFF's Center for Risk Management,” Resources for the Future, < http://www.rff.org/rff/News/Releases/2000/Michael-Taylor-Named-Director-of-RFFs-Center-for-Risk-Management.cfm > on 25 October 2005.

[61] “The Revolving Door,” Edmonds Institute , < http://www.edmonds-institute.org/door.html/ > on 12 August 2005.

[62] “Board of Directors,” < http://www.monsanto.com/ > on 26 March 2004.

[63] “Board of Directors,” < http://www.monsanto.com/ > on 26 March 2004.

[64] “United States Trade Representatives, 1962-Present,” Office of the United States Trade Representative , < http://www.ustr.gov/Who_We_Are/United_States_Trade_Representatives,_1962_-_Present.html?ht=michael%20kantor%20michael%20kantor > on 26 October 2005.

[65] “Monsanto Keeps Spinning Around But Can't Seem To Shake Its Past,” Environmental Working Group , < http://www.ewg.org/reports/anniston/lowdown.html > on 26 October 2005.

[66] “The Revolving Door Syndrome: A Question of Ethics and How Government, Science, and Academia are Indistinguishable” mindfully.org , < http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Green-Revolution-Revolving.htm > on 26 October 2005.

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