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April 2004 The largest chemical company in the U.S., Dow Chemical is a leading producer of pesticides, plastics, hydrocarbons and other chemicals.[1] Its production processes and practices have poisoned the environment as well as consumers and workers, sometimes with dire consequences for entire communities. The company is responsible for hazardous pesticides (such as 2,4-D, Dursban, Telone and DBCP), byproducts such as dioxin, ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and Agent Orange and napalm used during the Vietnam War. In 1999, Dow acquired Union Carbide, whose pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released methyl isocyanate and other chemicals in 1984, causing one of the worst industrial disasters in history. Recently Dow has positioned itself as one five corporations dominating the genetically engineered seed market. Dow also exerts considerable political and social influence. On this page:
Key subsidiaries
Cargill Dow LLC, Dow AgroSciences LLC, Dow Automotive, Dow Corning
Corporation, Dow Reichhold Specialty Latex LLC, Union Carbide Corporation
Product sectors
In 2000: Chemicals and Metals (12%), Performance Chemicals (14%),
Plastics (25%), Performance Plastics (27%), Agricultural Products (10%),
Hydrocarbons and Energy (11%), Other (1%)[2]
Employees About
50,000 employees worldwide[3]
Manufacturing facilities
191 sites in 38 countries
Revenues Nearly
US$30,000,000,000 a year
Net income In
2002, Dow lost US$338 million. In 2000, Dow’s last profitable year,
the company earned about US$1.5 billion[4]
Executive compensation
In 2002, seven Dow executives received an average compensation
of nearly US$800,000.[5] (This
figure does not include long-term compensation, unrealized performance
bonuses and stock options.) In 2003, Chairman and CEO William S. Stavropoulos
received US$3.6 million in salary and bonus. His total compensation,
including restricted stock awards and long-term incentive payouts, was
US$11.4 million.[6]
Interlocking directorates[7] Five of 14 Dow Directors sit on
Boards for other top 100 U.S. corporations[8] Type of corporation Public (traded on the New York Stock Exchange)
Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology Dow Chemical describes itself as “Providing pest management and biotechnology products that improve the quality and quantity of the earth's food supply and contribute to the safety, health and quality of life of the world's growing population.”[9] The chemical giant’s agricultural products, however, tell a different story. Pesticides
Dow is responsible for a wide
range of harmful pesticide products and ingredients, including:
2,4-D Dioxin-contaminated
herbicide that was one of two active ingredients in Agent Orange and
Agent White (herbicides widely used by the U.S. during the Vietnam war).
Possible carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor and potential ground
water contaminant.[10]
2,4,5-T
Second active ingredient of Agent Orange. In 1977, a lawsuit
and subsequent scientific studies linked 2,4,5-T crop spraying to miscarriages
in Oregon.[11]
Dow produced 2,4,5-T in New Zealand until 1987, years after it was banned
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[12]
2,4,5-T, a dioxin contaminated chemical, is a carcinogen, suspected
endocrine disruptor and PAN Bad Actor pesticide.
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban and
Lorsban) Insecticide affecting the nervous
system and brain. Especially harmful to children, reported as the cause
of 7,000 accidental poisonings in the U.S. each year.[13] In 2000, EPA banned household uses of chlorpyrifos
(primarily affecting Dow’s Dursban line). Dow sold about US$500 million
worth of the chemical a year in the 1990s.[14] Chlorpyrifos is a cholinesterase
inhibitor, suspected endocrine disruptor and PAN Bad Actor pesticide.
Clopyralid Herbicide
widely used on lawns and wheat crops that persists in the environment
up to 18 months.[15] Has been found at harmful levels in commercial
and municipal compost in Washington, California, Pennsylvania and New
Zealand.[16] In response to growing pressure from composters and
organic farmers, Dow withdrew clopyralid for use on residential lawns
in the U.S. in 2002, although this use may persist.[17] Clopyralid is a potential ground
water contaminant and PAN Bad Actor pesticide.
DDT Implicated
as a cause of egg-shell thinning and human cancer by Rachel Carson in
Silent Spring and subsequent investigations. EPA banned DDT in
1973 but it remains in use as an insecticide in some countries. DDT
affects the human nervous system and can cause liver damage.[18]
DDT is also a developmental/reproductive toxin, suspected endocrine
disruptor and PAN Bad Actor pesticide.
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
Nematicide, rodenticide and insecticide banned in the U.S. in
1983. EDB is a carcinogen, ground water contaminant, developmental/reproductive
toxin, suspected endocrine disruptor and PAN Bad Actor pesticide. It
is also linked to organ damage.[19]
Haloxyfop Herbicide
that EPA would not register because it is a probable human carcinogen,
yet sold throughout the world as Gallant and Verdict.[20]
One of many “circle of poison” pesticides that can be manufactured in
the U.S., applied abroad and returned as residue on imported foods.[21]
Nuarimol Fungicide
causing cancer and birth defects in animals.[22]
Not registered in the U.S. but sold in Africa, Colombia, Honduras and
Europe.[23]
Oxyfluorfen Herbicide
classified by EPA a possible human carcinogen.[24]
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Highly toxic algicide, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide
and wood preservative.[25] Exposure to PCP
causes cells to produce excessive heat, resulting in fever and organ
damage. PCP is a carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor and PAN Bad
Actor pesticide. Dow no longer produces PCP.
Picloram Herbicide
chemically similar to clopyralid, posing threat to composters.[26] Contains the contaminant hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
a probable human carcinogen.[27] Was one of two active ingredients in Agent White.
Picloram is a potential ground water contaminant.
Telone Soil
fumigant under consideration as a replacement for methyl bromide, a
highly toxic and ozone-depleting fumigant currently being phased out
in the United States. Telone is a carcinogen, ground water contaminant
and PAN Bad Actor pesticide. One of its active ingredients, 1,3-dichloropropene,
produces cancer and birth defects in test animals.[28] Sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane) Fumigant used to kill termites and other pests. Restricted for extreme acute toxicity.[29] In 2002, EPA granted Dow a three-year experimental permit to use sulfuryl fluoride as a post-harvest crop fumigant on walnuts and raisins to evaluate its efficacy and safety as a replacement for methyl bromide.[30] Sulfuryl fluoride is a PAN Bad Actor pesticide.
Agricultural Biotechnology
In 1998, Dow announced that
it would begin “pursuing long-term, value-added growth opportunities
through biotechnology.”[44] Today, Dow, led by its subsidiary Dow AgroSciences,
is a major player in agricultural biotechnology. Its product lines include
Mycogen Seeds, Bt corn and Atlas Roundup Ready soybeans. Dow is
also pursuing industrial and pharmaceutical biotechnology applications.
Genetically engineered crops
pose serious risks to public health and the environment, increase reliance
on pesticides, deepen agribusiness control over farmers and undermine
food security and sovereignty. Most biotech seeds are licensed to farmers,
not sold—making it illegal to replant, save, trade, share or breed them
as farmers have done for millennia. Global food security requires access
to land, small-scale, ecologically based farming systems and the crop
diversity needed to respond to varied and changing environments and
growing conditions. Genetically engineered crops, in contrast, are an
extension of industrial agricultural practices that concentrate land
ownership, rely on synthetic pesticides, fertilizers and other off-farm
inputs, and dramatically reduce crop biodiversity. For an overview of agricultural biotechnology and its impacts, see PANNA’s online presentation, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods” (http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html).
Focus: Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Infertility and Lies
DBCP is a carcinogen, ground
water contaminant, reproductive toxin, suspected endocrine disruptor
and PAN Bad Actor pesticide. Dow and three other companies continued
to produce and export DBCP to developing countries after it was banned
in the continental U.S. in 1979. The U.S. ban occurred after DBCP was
linked to human sterility in California.
The companies knew at least
since the 1960s that the product caused male sterility in rats, but
concealed this information.[31] They also neglected to report findings of reduced
sperm and atrophied testicles of rabbits and monkeys when they submitted
information for registration and labeling.[32] One worker in a Dow manufacturing
plant said, “After telling me that I shouldn't worry about anything
out there because it can't hurt me, now to find out that I'm sterile
from it, their answer was, don't worry about that because you can always
adopt children.”[33]When DBCP was first
marketed in developing countries, it had no labels warning that it was
extremely toxic and no instructions on the use of safety equipment. Widespread use of DBCP on banana plantations around the world has caused the permanent sterility of thousands of workers. One study found that approximately 20-25% of the male working population in banana plantations on Costa Rica’s Atlantic coast, where workers had mixed DBCP by hand, had been sterilized.[34] In a 1997 out-of-court settlement, Dow and other companies agreed to pay US$45 million to 26,000 banana workers in 11 countries.[35]
In 1984, a Union Carbide pesticide
plant in Bhopal, India, released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate into neighboring
communities.[36] Estimates of the death toll in the aftermath
of the leak range from Union Carbide’s 1,408 to 8,000, as reported in
New Scientist Magazine.[37] [38] The Indian Council for Medical
Research (ICMR) put the injury figure at more than 520,000.[39] According to ICMR, thousands have died from
gas-related causes since the accident. The Bhopal disaster is often
cited as the worst industrial accident in human history.
In 2001, Dow merged with Union
Carbide, legally assuming all of Union Carbide’s assets and liabilities.
Dow says “the Bhopal matter has been resolved for years… Union Carbide
took responsibility for the tragedy…[and] agreed to pay $470 million
into a trust as a settlement.”[40] Groups of Bhopal survivors point out that victims
of the accident have received little of the settlement, which amounts
to only US$350 per victim. Local groups are demanding that the company
release information to doctors still treating victims of the disaster,
which the companies refuse to do, citing “trade secrets.”[41] They also want Dow to clean up the
factory (which continues to contaminate local ground water with mutagenic
and carcinogenic chemicals), the extradition to India of former Union
Carbide CEO Warren Anderson (who continues to evade an outstanding warrant
related to the disaster) and for Union Carbide to appear in the Bhopal
court where it faces charges of culpable homicide and other crimes.[42] Rather than accept responsibility for harms caused by its subsidiary, Dow has taken a very combative stance. For example, in 2003 it initiated a US$10,000 lawsuit against a group of Bhopal survivors that held a peaceful protest outside of the company’s Mumbai headquarters, claiming damages due to lost productivity.[43]
Dow’s social and environmental
impacts are very broad:
Hazardous wastes
As of December 2000, EPA has named Dow and Union Carbide
potentially responsible parties for a combined 136 hazardous waste sites.[45]
Seventeen of 36 Dow and Union Carbide manufacturing plants rank among
the worst 20% in their class for toxic environmental releases. Twelve
rank among the worst 10%.[46]
Asbestos Union
Carbide has been held liable for exposing workers and consumers to unsafe
levels of asbestos.[47] In December of 2002 Dow declared that its potential
asbestos liabilities were 2.2 billion dollars.[48]
Groundwater contamination
Residents of the Myrtle Grove Trailer Park are suing Dow
for groundwater contamination caused by illegal rail car cleaning procedures
at its Plaquemine, Louisiana, facility. Plant employees claim that for
years they were instructed to clean railway cars used to transport vinyl
chloride (a highly toxic, cancer-causing chemical) and other chemicals
by filling them with water and dumping the resultant mix on the ground.[49]
Use of human subjects
On at least two occasions, Dow tested the pesticide chlorpyrifos
on human subjects: In 1971 on inmates at the Clinton Correctional Facility
in New York[50] and in 1998 on students in Nebraska.[51]
In 1965, Dow conducted dioxin tests on inmates at the Holmesburg Prison
in Pennsylvania.[52]
Labor In
April 2003, the AFL-CIO Metal Trades Department released a white paper
on Dow’s 50-year history of union busting.[53] Between 1993 and 1995, Dow’s global
restructuring strategy resulted in a 21% reduction of its workforce.[54] From 1952 to 1983, Union Carbide
operated the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant and, according to recently
uncovered memos, knowingly exposed its employees to extremely carcinogenic
radioactive metals like neptunium and plutonium.[55]
Chemicals of mass destruction
Union Carbide produced nuclear weapons components and enriched
uranium for the U.S. government.[56] Dow produced large quantities of
Agent Orange, Agent White and other defoliants, and napalm, used by
the U.S. during the Vietnam War.[57]In 1988, Dow sold pesticides to Iraq that could
be used to create chemical weapons.[58] False advertising An investigation by the office of the New York State attorney general found that Dow made false and misleading advertising claims about the safety of Dursban.[59] In a 1994 settlement Dow agreed to stop calling their product safe, but violated its agreement. In 2003, the Attorney General sued Dow for violations of the agreement and the company was fined US$2 million.[60] Dow continues to make such safety claims in other countries, such as India.[61]
Focus: Dioxin
Two Dow herbicides (2,4-D and
2,4,5-T) contain dioxin. Dioxin exposure has been linked to cancer,
developmental disabilities and organ damage. Dioxin bioaccumulates in
the fat of living organisms, is highly carcinogenic and is a powerful
endocrine disruptor. On multiple occasions, Dow has been directly implicated
in the irresponsible release of dioxin into the environment.
Dow supplied the U.S. military
with large amounts of various formulations of dioxin-laced 2,4-D and
2,4,5-T for use in defoliants like Agents Orange and White. Agent Orange
was applied in Vietnam at up to 25 times the rate allowed in the U.S.
long after its human toxicity was established.[62] Chemical producers and the U.S. government colluded
to prevent information about Agent Orange’s health effects from reaching
the public.[63] After the war, the Air Force released three
studies to demonstrate that Agent Orange was not responsible for American
veterans’ health problems.[64] It was later disclosed that the studies had
been altered to remove evidence that children of fliers exposed to Agent
Orange were twice as likely to be born with birth defects and that the
fliers themselves were sicker than controls by a ratio of 5 to 1.[65] To this day, veterans
groups are pursuing compensation from the U.S. government for their
exposure to dioxin. Millions of Vietnamese civilians were also exposed
to Agent Orange during the war. A 2002 study by The Journal of Occupational
and Environmental Medicine found elevated levels of TCDD (the most
toxic chemical in the dioxin family) in 95% of blood samples taken from
residents living in Bien Hoa City, more than 30 years after spraying
was stopped.[66] Dioxin contamination is also a problem for local communities. The Tittabawassee River, its floodplain and much of the area surrounding Dow’s Midland, Michigan, corporate headquarters is contaminated with elevated levels of dioxin. Dow and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) withheld information about this contamination from residents for two years,[67] delayed requested dioxin studies and attempted to increase substantially the maximum contaminant level for dioxin.[68] In 2002, MDEQ studies found an average backyard soil dioxin contamination of 529 parts per trillion for houses in the Tittabawassee River floodplain downstream from Dow’s facilities.[69] In 2003, more than 230 families living in dioxin-contaminated Saginaw County initiated a lawsuit against Dow Chemical seeking compensation for depreciated property values and medical monitoring.[70]
To advance their interests,
powerhouses like Dow invest heavily in political and social influence.
Dow’s methods for influencing policy and public opinion include: Trade organizations and think tanks Industry groups work in many areas to advance the interests of their members and supporters. Some of the trade and policy organizations in which Dow participates include:
Campaign contributions
Dow Chemical, Dow Corning (a 50/50 joint venture between
Dow Chemical and Corning) and Union Carbide political action committees
(PACs) contributed a total of US$1,348,476 to federal candidates from
1994 to 2002 (73.4% to republicans)—nearly US$270,000 per election cycle.[71] Dow PAC’s also donated US$26,000 to George W.
Bush’s Texas gubernatorial campaigns between 1993-1998,[72] and in 1998, Dow
PACs spent US$103,640 in Texas.[73]
Dow gave over US$1 million in soft money contributions to the Republican
and Democratic parties in the 1998, 2000 and 2002 election cycles.[74] Dow contributed more than US$100,000 to the
Bush/Cheney inauguration fund.[75]
Lobbying From
1998 to 2002, Dow spent US$12,210,000 on Washington lobbying—an average
of more than US$2.4 million a year.[76] Additionally, many of Dow’s trade
organizations deploy teams of lobbyists. For example, the American Chemistry
Council (formerly the Chemical Manufacturers Association) spent US$4.68
million lobbying in Washington in the first half of 1996 alone.[77] Revolving door Industry benefits from the movement of personnel between industry and government. Many of Dow’s leaders are former high-level government officials. Some examples include:
Buying democracy
In 2002, Dow contributed nearly US$400,000 to the Alliance
for Better Foods’ US$5 million advertising blitz to defeat Oregon’s
Proposition 27, a ballot initiative to label genetically modified foods.[83]
Opponents outspent supporters 61 to 1.[84]
Public relations (PR)
Dow employs the world’s top PR firms to market its products
and polish its abysmal environmental record. For example, in 1994, Dow
worked with PR firm Ketchum to manage press coverage of an EPA report
on dioxin by conducting a 30 city PR tour with sympathetic independent
scientists.[85]
Corporate science Corporations influence science by doing in-house research, participating in university research and government assessments, maintaining financial ties to “independent” researchers, funding think tanks, and running educational programs. For example, in 1995 Dow loaned a staff scientist to the U.S. House Commerce Committee to assist with changes to environmental, health and safety protections.[86] Dow serves on the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee for EPA.[87] Dow gave US$100,000 in grants to members of the scientific advisory board reevaluating the toxicity of dioxin.[88]
Many people around the world
are taking action to hold Dow Chemical accountable for its impacts.
The following resources are good starting points for more information
about Dow and how you can help in these efforts.
International Dow Accountability
Campaign (Web site forthcoming)
International Campaign for
Justice In Bhopal (http://www.bhopal.net)
Students for Bhopal (http://www.studentsforbhopal.org)
Sambhavna Clinic/Bhopal Medical
Appeal (http://www.bhopal.org/)
Tittabawassee River Watch
(http://www.trwnews.net/)
Dow Chemical Corporation
(http://www.dow.com)
Union Carbide Corporate Profile
(http://www.endgame.org/carbide.html)
Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org)
Hoovers online (http://www.hoovers.com)
PAN Pesticides
Database (http://www.pesticideinfo.org
[1] The Dow Chemical Company: Fact Sheet, Hoover’s Online, <http://www.hoovers.com/dow-chemical/--ID__10471--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml> on 7 January 2004. [2] KLD Research & Analytics, Inc., “Dow Corporate Profile” 2002. [3] <www.dow.com> [4] The Dow Chemical Company: Financial Fact Sheet, Hoover’s Online, <http://www.hoovers.com/dow-chemical/--ID__10471--/free-co-fin-factsheet.xhtml> on 7 January 2004. [5] DEF 14A, Securities and Exchange Commission for 2003. [6] “Industry report,” Detroit Free Press, 17 March 2004. [7] “Interlocking directorate” refers to a relationship between corporations based on overlapping members of their boards of directors [8] “They Rule” database, <http://www.theyrule.net>, based on 2001 data. [9] “About Dow AgroSciences…,” <http://www.dowagro.com/homepage/index.htm> on 11 August 2003. [10] Regarding this and subsequent pesticides listed here, see PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network North America, <http:www.pesticideinfo.org>. [11] Van Strum, Carol, “Back to the Future: EPA Reinvents the Wheel on Reproductive Effects of Dioxin,” Synthesis/Regeneration 7-8, Summer 1995, <http://www.greens.org/s-r/078/07-25.html> on 24 February 2004.
[12] Jones, Simon,
“The Poisoning of New Zealand,” Investigate Magazine <http://www.investigatemagazine.com/poisoning_of_new_zealand%20OCT2000.htm>
on 24 February 2004. [13] “Basic Facts about Dursban,” <http://www.bandursban.org/basics/> on 11 August 2003.
[14] Hess, Glenn,
“Dow Agrosciences Defends Key Pesticide,” Chemical Market Reporter,
5 June 2000 < http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0FVP/23_257/62767084/p1/article.jhtml>
on 24 February 2004. [15] Green, Emily, “Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass,” LA Times, 27 December 2001, <http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Clopyralid-Composting-Dow.htm> on 11 August 2003. [16] Green, Emily, “Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass,” LA Times, 27 December 2001, <http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Clopyralid-Composting-Dow.htm> on 11 August 2003. [17] Steele, Karen Dorn, “EPA Accused of Bowing to Dow,” The Spokesman-Review, 26 September 2002 <http://www.grrn.org/dow/spokesmanreview_9-26-2002.html> on 11 August 2003. [18] “ToxFAQs for DDT, DDE, and DDD,” ATSDR, September 2002, <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts35.html> on 11 August 2003. [19] “Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) Chemical Profile,” The Pesticide Management Education Program, December 1984, <http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fumigant/ethylene-dibromide/fumi-prof-edb.html> on 11 August 2003. [20] Brockley, Ross, “Corporate Profile Dow: the Menace from Midland,” <http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1991/07/mm0791_10.html> on 11 August 2003. [21] Marquardt, Sandra, Glassman, Laura and Sheldon, Elizabeth, “Never Registered Pesticides: Rejected Toxics Join the ‘Circle of Poison,’” Greenpeace USA Pesticide Campaign, February 1992, <http://archive.greenpeace.org/gopher/campaigns/toxics/1992/neverreg.txt> on 12 August 2003. [22] Brockley, Ross, “Corporate Profile Dow: the Menace from Midland,” <http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1991/07/mm0791_10.html> on 12 August 2003. [23] Marquardt, Sandra, Glassman, Laura and Sheldon, Elizabeth, “Never Registered Pesticides: Rejected Toxics Join the ‘Circle of Poison,’” Greenpeace USA Pesticide Campaign, February 1992, <http://archive.greenpeace.org/gopher/campaigns/toxics/1992/neverreg.txt> on 12 August 2003. [24] “Pollution Litigation Review – February 2002,” FacWorld, <http://www.facworld.com/facworld.nsf/doc/polllitrev0202> on 12 August 2003. [25] “Environmental Health Criteria for Pentachlorophenol,” International Program on Chemical Safety, 1987, <http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc71.htm#PartNumber:1> on 12 August 2003. [26] “Clopyralid and Composting,” GrassRoots Recycling Network, 24 August 2001, <http://www.grrn.org/dow/compost_council_08-24-01.html> on 12 August 2003. [27] “Picloram; Time-Limited Pesticide Tolerances,” Federal Register Vol. 64 No. 2, 5 January 1999, <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TRI/1999/January/Day-05/tri34830.htm> on 12 August 2003. [28] “1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone II) Chemical Fact Sheet,” The Pesticide Management Education Program, September 1986, <http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fumigant/dichloropropene/fumi-prof-dichloropropene.html> on 12 August 2003. [29] “Pesticide Information Profile: Sulfuryl Fluoride,” Extension Toxicology Network, September 1993, <http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/sulfuryl-fluoride-ext.html> [30] “Sulfuryl Fluoride (CAS No. 2699-79-8,” Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project, July 2003, <http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl-fluoride-page.htm> on 12 August 2003. [31] “DBCP Out-of-Court Settlement,” Global Pesticide Campaigner, March 1998. [32] Thrupp, L. “Direct Damage: DBCP Poisoning in Costa Rica,” Dirty Dozen Campaigner, May 1989. [33] Transcript of “Trade Secrets: A Moyers Rerport,” Public Broadcasting Service, <http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/transcript.html>. [34] “DBCP Out-of-Court Settlement,” Global Pesticide Campaigner, March 1998. [35] “DBCP Out-of-Court Settlement,” Global Pesticide Campaigner, March 1998. [36] “The Union Carbide Disaster,” <http://www.bhopal.net/oldsite/background.html> on 11 August 2003.
[37] International
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[45] KLD Research & Analytics, Inc., “Dow Corporate Profile” 2002. [46] See <http://www.scorecard.org>. [47] Stirewalt, Chris, “New Jury Now Will Determine Damages in Dow Chemical Case,” Charleston Daily Mail, 25 October 2002, <http://www.dailymail.com/news/News/2002102524/> on 11 August 2003. [48] “Dow Chemical Shareholders Challenge Management on Dioxin,” Trillium Asset Management, 6 May 2003 < http://www.socialfunds.com/news/release.cgi/1808.html> 24 February 2004. [49] “Dow Poison Vinyl Chloride in Plaquemine,” WBRZ News, August 2002, <http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Polyvinylchloride/Dow-Vinyl-Chloride-Plaquemine14aug02.htm> on 11 August 2003. [50] Morris, Jim, “The Stuff in the Backyard Shed,” US News and World Report, 8 November 1999, <http://www.getipm.com/newsletter/99-11.htm> on 11 August 2003. [51] Rawe, Julia, “Poisoning for Dollars,” Time Magazine, <http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101020422/poisons.html> on 11 August 2003. [52] Lester, Stephen, “Chemical Injuries: Industry’s ‘True Lies’ the Politics Behind the Scientific Debate on Dioxin,” Everyone’s Backyard Vol. 13 No. 3, <http://personalinjurylawpage.com/toxic-chemicals/t-truelies.htm> on 11 August 2003. [53] “Dow’s Union Workers—The Forgotten Stakeholders,” Metal Trades Department of the AFL-CIO, 28 April 2003, <http://www.metaltrades.org/whitepaperrls.htm> on 12 August 2003. [54] “An Overview of Dow’s Environmental Legacy,” <http://www.studentsforbhopal.org/DirtyDow.htm> on 12 August 2003. [55] Warrick, Joby, “Radiation Risks Long Concealed Paducah Plant Memos Show Fear of Public Outcry,” Washington Post, 21 September 1999, <http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/4745/LLRW/News/paducah4.html> on 11 August 2003. [56] Summa, John, “Corporate Proiles: Union Carbide,” Multinational Monitor Vol. 9 No. 10, October 1988, <http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1988/10/mm1088_10.html> on 11 August 2003. [57] McLaughlin, Martin, “Dow and Union Carbide to Merge: Two Companies that Have Profited from the Deaths of Thousands,” 6 August 1999, <http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/aug1999/chem-a06.shtml> on 11 August 2003. [58] Borger, Julian, “Rumsfeld ‘Offered Help to Saddam,’” The Guardian, 31 December 2002, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,866942,00.html> on 11 August 2003. [59] Press release by New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer: “State to Sue Dow Chemical Subsidiary Over Misleading Ads,” 2 April 2003, <http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2003/apr/apr02a_03.html> on 11 August 2003. [60] Office of New York State Attorney General press release, “Dow Subsidiary to Pay $2 Million for Making False Safety Claims in Pesticide Ads,” 15 December 2003. [61] “The Dow Chemical Company a.k.a. Dioxin King,” <http://www.bhopal.net/oldsite/mergerinfo2.html> on 11 August 2003. [62] “Agent Orange Information Package,” Veterans of the Vietnam War, Inc., 1979, <http://www.vvnw.org/agent_orange.htm> on 11 August 2003. [63] “The Story of Agent Orange,” Us Veteran Dispatch Staff Report, November 1990, <http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aostory.html> on 11 August 2003. [64] “The Story of Agent Orange,” Us Veteran Dispatch Staff Report, November 1990, <http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aostory.html> on 11 August 2003. [65] “The Story of Agent Orange,” Us Veteran Dispatch Staff Report, November 1990, <http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aostory.html> on 11 August 2003. [66] Tran, Tini, “Study: Agent Orange Still in Vietnam,” AP, 11 August 2003. [67] Press Release by the Michigan Environmental Council, “Citizens Outraged by Lax Enforcement of Environmental Laws,” 11 October 2002, <http://www.mecprotects.org/pr10_11_02.html> on 11 August 2003. [68] Button, Gregory, “MDEQ’s Harding: Acting in the Best Interest of the Public… or Covering Up for Dow Chemical Company?,” From the Groud Up, March 2002, <http://www.ecocenter.org/200203/harding.shtml> on 11 August 2003. [69] “How Much Dioxin Has Been Found?,” <http://www.trwnews.org/> on 11 August 2003. [70] “Dow Chemical Class Action Lawsuit Information,” <http://www.trwnews.org/> on 11 August 2003. [71] Information acquired from online searchable database of FEC PAC filings at <http://www.politicalmoneyline.com> on 8 August 2003. [72] Texas Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility website, “Superfund a Super Deal for Texas Polluters, Part III: Money Talks,” <http://www.txpeer.org/Bush/superfund3.html> on 8 August 2003. [73] Texans for Public Justice website, “Texas PACs: 1998 Election Cycle Spending,” June 1999, <http://www.tpj.org/reports/pacs98/toppacs.html> on 11 August 2003. [74] Data acquired by soft money donor search for Dow at <http://www.opensecrets.org/softmoney/index.asp> on 11 August 2003. [75] “The Corporate Conservative Administration Takes Shape,” Multinational Monitor, 2001 Vol. 22 no 1&2, <http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/editorial.html> on 11 August 2003. [76] “Biotech Industry Lobbying Expenditures 1998-2002,” Capital Eye <http://www.capitaleye.org/bio-lobbying.asp> on 24 February 2004 [77] “Infact’s Hall of Shame Campaign,” <http://www.infact.org> on 8 August 2003. [78] Dow biography of Barbara Hackman Franklin, <http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/lead/franklin.htm> on 11 August 2003. [79] Dow biography of Harold T. Shapiro, <http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/lead/shapiro.htm> on 11 August 2003. [80] Dow biography of John C. Danforth, <http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/lead/danforth.htm> on 11 August 2003. [81] “The Old Revolving Door,” The Edmonds Institute, <http://www.edmonds-institute.org/olddoor.html> on 11 August 2003. [82] Dow biography of Kathleen M. Bader, <http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/lead/bader.htm> on 11 August 2003. [83] “Money and Ballot Measures in the 2002 Election,” <http://www.ballotfunding.org/PostElection.pdf> on 11 August 2003. [84] “Money and Ballot Measures in the 2002 Election,” <http://www.ballotfunding.org/PostElection.pdf> on 11 August 2003. [85] “Ketchum (the UN’s PR Firm) Tackles Corporate Responsibility,” Transnationale, 31 January 2003 <http://forums.transnationale.org/viewtopic.php?t=1362&view=previous> on 24 February 2004 [86] “Dow Chemical: The Corporate Imbalance Sheet,” 1997, <http://www.infact.org> on 11 August 2003. [87] “Dow: What Good Advertising Can Do,” <http://www.infact.org> on 11 August 2003. [88] “Dow Chemical: The Corporate Imbalance Sheet,” <http://www.infact.org> on 11 August 2003. |
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Corporate Profile: Dow Chemical Company
