November 2005
On this page:
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Syngenta at a Glance |
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Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology |
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Focus: Paraquat |
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Focus: Atrazine |
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A Wide Range of Impacts |
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Undue Influence |
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Focus: Suppressing Evidence |
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Resources for Action |
Syngenta AG
In December 1999, Novartis Agribusiness and AstraZeneca Agrochemicals merged to form Syngenta. Earlier that year, AstraZeneca was formed when Zeneca, a British lifesciences company, acquired Astra AB, a Swedish pharmaceutical corporation. Only four years earlier, Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz merged to form Novartis.
Today Syngenta is the world’s largest agrochemical producer.Furthermore, the company is the world’s leading agricultural biotechnology corporation, third largest owner of plant biotechnology patents, and third largest seed supplier.[1] In 2004, the company’s sales totaled approximately US$7.3 billion.[2]
Key subsidiaries Tomono Agrica (Japan), Agra (Italy), Agrosem (France), Koipesol Semillas (Spain), Crop protection business of Oriental Chemical Industries (South Korea), Sturdy Grow Hybrids (United States), Wilson Seeds (United States), Agritrading (Italy), American Sunmelon (United States), Ishirara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd. (Japan), Mogen (Netherlands), New Farm Crops (United Kingdom), Hilleshog NK (Sweden), Stauffer Chemical BV (Netherlands), Sluis & Grut (Netherlands), Northrup King Co. (United States), Rogers (United States), Funk Seeds International (United States)[3]
Employees About 19,000 employees worldwide[4]
Sales distribution Syngenta operates in over 90 countries.[5] For crop protection revenue in 2004, Europe, Africa and the Middle East (37%), NAFTA (31%), Latin America (17%), and Asia Pacific (15%). For seed revenue in 2004, Europe, Africa and the Middle East (52%), NAFTA (35%), Latin America (7%), Asia Pacific (6%). [6]
Revenues 2004 revenue was US$7.3 billion[7]
Net income In 2004, Syngenta’s net income was US$762 million.[8] In 2003, the company made US$268 million.[9] In 2002, Syngenta lost US$27 million.[10] In 2001 Syngenta earned about US$223 million.[11]
Executive compensation In 2004, Syngenta paid its chairman, chief executive officer and members of it executive committee (9 people in all) a total of CHF 11,161,359 (US$8,779,919) and placed an additional CHF 4,703,433 (US$3,699,757) aside for executive pension and retirement benefits. Also, a total of 220,737 stock options with an exercise price of CHF 89.30 were granted to these executives.[12]
Type of corporation Public, traded on the Swiss Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange.
Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology
Syngenta says it “is committed to sustainable agriculture through innovative research and technology.”[13] However, its agricultural products tell a different story.
Pesticides
In 1998, Novartis announced that it was moving towards a phase-out of the pesticides dichlorvos, disulfoton, formothion, isazofos, monocrotophos and phosphamidon.[14] Concurrently, the company promoted potential high growth replacement products, nine out of 11 of which are PAN bad actor chemicals.[15] Syngenta is responsible for a wide range of harmful pesticide products and ingredients, including:
Acetochlor Herbicide previously produced by AstraZeneca and used by corn farmers to kill grasses and small broad-leafed weeds.[16] Acetochlor is a known carcinogen, granted conditional registration by the U.S. EPA in 1994.[17] A 1995 study found acetochlor in tap water in 52% of 29 major U.S. cities tested.[18] The state of New York refuses to register acetochlor.[19]
Avermectin Extremely toxic insecticide sprayed on many different food crops. It is known to increase the risk of birth defects and affect the brain and central nervous system.[20] Currently approved for agricultural and residential use in the U.S.[21]
Chlorothalonil Broad-spectrum fungicide, intended to control plant diseases, used in nurseries and tree plantations.[22] Chlorothalonil is an acutely toxic pesticide, a probable human carcinogen, a possible groundwater contaminant and a toxin to aquatic organisms and beneficial soil microorganisms.[23]
ClodinafopUsed as a grass herbicide and also on crops such as wheat, hay, and straw.[24] Likely human carcinogen, suspected to cause prostate, ovarian, liver and blood cancer.[25] Furthermore, it is known to be highly toxic to freshwater fish, is persistent and has the potential to contaminate drinking water.[26]
Diazinon Organophosphate and previously the second top seller in the home and garden insecticide market.[27] Deregistered in the U.S. in June of 2000 for home and garden use after post-application studies found it present at levels of up to 3,500 times those deemed safe by EPA.[28] Short-term minor exposure to diazinon can result in dizziness, headaches and nausea.[29]
DDT The Swiss multinational J.R. Geigy, which later became Ciba-Geigy, developed and marketed DDT between 1942 and 1962.[30] Between 1988 and 1990, Ciba-Geigy shipped 405,000 liters of DDT to Tanzania in violation of stated company policy and FAO standards.[31]
Lambda-cyhalothrin Restricted use insecticide belonging to the pyrethroid class of chemicals.[32] It is acutely toxic, moderately persistent in the environment and extremely toxic to aquatic organisms and bees.[33]
MetolachlorGenerally used to prepare soil. Also used on dried beans, outdoor flowers and corn.[34]Groundwater contaminant, suspected endocrine disrupter and possible human carcinogen.[35]Metolachlor was found in the water supplies of 19 of 29 major U.S. cities tested.[36]
Profenofos Organophosphate insecticide[37] that is acutely toxic, a cholinesterase inhibiter and a potential groundwater contaminant.[38]
Simazine Herbicide functionally and molecularly similar to atrazine. See “Focus: Atrazine” below.
Agricultural Biotechnology
By 2000 Syngenta had positioned itself as the third largest holder of biotech patents.[39] Some of Syngenta’s agricultural biotechnology products include insect-resistant Bt corn; herbicide-tolerant soybean, engineered for resistance to RoundupÒ herbicide; and Quantumä Phytase, created to produce an enzyme additive for animal feed.[40] The company is also a leading developer of Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (or GURTs, in which organisms are genetically engineered to limit user benefits—such as the inability of so-called “Terminator” plants to produce viable seeds for replanting).[41]
Genetically engineered crops pose serious risks to public health and the environment, increase reliance on pesticides, deepen agribusiness control over farmers, and undermine food security and sovereignty. Most biotech seeds are licensed to farmers, not sold: making it illegal to replant, save, trade, share or breed them as farmers have done for millennia. Global food security requires access to land; small-scale, ecologically based farming systems; and ample crop diversity to respond to varied and changing environments. Genetically engineered crops, in contrast, are an extension of industrial agricultural practices that concentrate land ownership, rely on synthetic pesticides, fertilizers and other off-farm inputs, and dramatically reduce crop biodiversity.
For an overview of agricultural biotechnology and its impacts, see PANNA’s online presentation, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods,”[42] located at: http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html.
“Because Syngenta values its customers and firmly believes in the safety of its products, it is working hard to keep paraquat on the market. Syngenta wants farmers to have that choice not only for their own sake, but for the sake of agriculture itself - and for the environment too.”[43] – Syngenta Corporation
Paraquat is the active ingredient of Gramoxone, one of Syngenta’s most prominent products and the second highest selling non-selective herbicide in the world.[44] In the U.S., paraquat is a restricted use pesticide.[45]The World Health Organization called paraquat “the only highly toxic herbicide of the post-war years.” As little as one teaspoonful constitutes a fatal dose for humans.[46]
Syngenta claims that Gramoxone’s “physical properties make it safe to handle, when used according to directions, with the required protective clothing.”[47] Unfortunately, up to 70% of paraquat is applied in developing countries, where protective equipment is often lacking and many applicators cannot read label directions and warnings.[48]
Consequently, studies have revealed that ill-equipped applicators commonly suffer from reduced lung capacity and poor health in general.[49]Other commonly reported occupational effects resulting from paraquat exposure include damage to nails, skin, eyes and nose.[50] Non-fatal exposure may result in “thirst, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, lung sores and liver injury.”[51]
“Atrazine has been subject to the most stringent regulatory and scientific evaluation, and Syngenta has submitted more than 100 scientific studies in recent years to EPA to support atrazine’s safety.”[52] – Syngenta Corporation
Atrazine is a non-selective herbicide and the second most commonly used herbicide in the U.S.[53] According to the Environmental Working Group (EWG), atrazine and the triazine class of chemicals to which it belongs have been found to induce mammary cancer in repeated studies of female rats.[54] Furthermore, atrazine was present in the tap water of 28 out of 29 major U.S. cities tested.[55] In fact, EWG reported that “cancer risks from atrazine and simazine in tap water [were] ten times the new FQPA benchmark in 60 Midwestern towns.”[56]
An October 2002 study conducted by Dr. Tyrone Hayes, professor of developmental endocrinology at the University of California, Berkeley, further points towards the hazards posed by Atrazine. In this study, atrazine caused sexual abnormalities in frogs at levels 30 times less than the EPA maximum contaminant level.[57] See “Focus: Suppressing Evidence,” below.
Syngenta’s social and environmental impacts are very broad:
Hazardous wastes Syngenta and its subsidiaries are responsible for pollution resulting in 18 Superfund sites.[58] Three of Syngenta’s five industrial facilities in the U.S. rank amongst the worst 30% of comparable facilities in total toxic releases.[59]
Use of human subjects In an effort to prevent deregistration of the pesticide diazinon for home and garden uses, Syngenta orally dosed healthy human subjects with the neurotoxic chemical.[60] In 1975, Ciba-Geigy sprayed monocrotophos, a hazardous organophosphate and neurotoxicant, on 40 Indian children and adult volunteers.[61]
Fraud In 2003, AstraZeneca settled a case for US$355 million regarding charges of fraud and bribery that were exposed in 1996 by a whistleblower.[62]
Polluting the Rhine River In 1986 a fire at the Sandoz chemical plant released tons of pesticide into the Rhine River causing extensive downstream damage and necessitating one of the most extensive river clean-ups in the world.[63]
AdvertisementsIn Malaysia, Syngenta is fighting a government decision to ban the herbicide paraquat. The company, along with other chemical companies, has worked to influence the media, plantation workers and their trade union, fruit growers and rice farmers as part of its campaign to revoke the ban.[64]
To advance their interests, powerhouses like Syngenta invest heavily in political and social influence. Some of Syngenta’s efforts to influence policy and public opinion include:
Trade organizations and think tanks Some of the trade and policy organizations in which Syngenta participates include:
- Agricultural Biotechnology in Europe (http://abeurope.dynamicweb.dk/)
- British Society of Plant Breeders (http://www.bspb.co.uk/)
- Business Action for Sustainable Development (http://basd.free.fr/)
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (http://www.cgiar.org/)
- Council for Biotechnology Information (http://www.cast-science.org/)
- CropGen (http://www.cropgen.org/)
- CropLife International (http://www.croplife.org/)
- EuropaBio (http://www.europabio.org/)
- European Crop Protection Association (http://www.ecpa.be/)
- International Chamber of Commerce (http://www.iccwbo.org/)
- Supply Chain Initiative on Modified Agricultural Crops
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (http://www.wbcsd.ch/)
Campaign contributions Syngenta and its predecessors contributed a total of US$1,274,345 to U.S. federal candidates through Political Action Committees (PACs) from 1994 to 2002 (72.1% to Republicans)— nearly US$255,000 per election cycle.[65]In 2002, Syngenta donated US$261,318 to both major U.S. political parties (62.5% to the Republican Party).[66] In 1998 and 2000, Zeneca and Novartis donated US$999,934 to the major political parties (75% to the Republican Party).[67]
Lobbying From its creation in 2000 until 2002, Syngenta spent US$3,340,000 lobbying the U.S. federal government.[68] In 2001 and 2002, Syngenta averaged nearly US$1.5 million in lobbying expenditures.[69] The trade organizations to which Syngenta belongs also lobby governments.
Corporate science In 1998, Novartis and University of California, Berkeley, agreed to a five-year US$25 million research alliance that granted significant influence for the company. As a part of this agreement, Novartis secured first rights to negotiate licenses on about a third of all innovations and to place two representatives on the committee that assesses research proposals and allocates funding.[70] The terms of their arrangement also included a special confidentiality agreement intended to discourage university faculty from conducting research critical of biotechnology.[71]
In August of 1997, Tyrone Hayes, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, was consulted on behalf of Syngenta by Ecorisk to analyze the effects of the herbicide atrazine on frogs. His research was to be a part of the company’s application for a required re-approval of atrazine by EPA.
After initiating this study, Dr. Hayes soon discovered that small doses of atrazine, as low as one part per billion, inhibited the growth of larynxes of male frogs. Further research also revealed that atrazine caused sexual abnormalities in frogs at levels as much as 30 times less than the EPA maximum contaminant level. Syngenta attempted to buy Hayes’ silence: He was offered US$2 million in laboratory support and asked to continue his research “in a private setting,” where unfavorable results could more easily be suppressed. Hayes, however, refused to abandon his studies or his data.[72]In June 2002, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), citing Hayes’ research, petitioned the EPA to withdraw atrazine from the market.[73] Meanwhile, Syngenta spent US$260,000 lobbying the EPA and attempting to discredit the results of Hayes’ work.[74] EPA gave a green light to re-registration by issuing an interim re-registration eligibility decision in favor of atrazine. The agency reported that there is insufficient evidence “to show that atrazine produces a consistent, reproducible effect on amphibian development.”[75]
Groups and individuals are taking action to hold Syngenta accountable for its impacts. The following resources are good starting points for more information about Syngenta and how you can help in these efforts.
Syngenta (http://www.syngenta.com)
Syngenta’s Web site.
Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org)
Environmental Defense’s toxic release information Web site. You can
look up Syngenta’s toxic release information and locations of its U.S.
facilities.
Hoovers online
(http://www.hoovers.com/syngenta/--ID__102664--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml)
Provides financial information about Syngenta and links to detailed reports and filings.
Corporate watch
(http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/syngenta/syngenta1.htm)
Corporate Watch’s corporate profile of Syngenta.
PAN Pesticides Database
(http://www.pesticideinfo.org)
Pesticide Action Network North America’s pesticide database allows you
to search for toxicity, regulatory and other information by chemical or
product.
Berne Declaration’s Stop Paraquat Web page
(http://www.evb.ch/en/p5001.html)
[1] “Syngenta: A Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/syngenta/syngenta1.htm on 5 March 2004.
[3] “Syngenta,” Gene Watch UK, http://www.genewatch.org/GeneSrch/Companies/Syngenta.htm on 5 March 2004.
[6] “Syngenta Facts & Figures,” http://www.syngenta.com/en/about_syngenta/figures.aspx on 28 May 2005.
[8] “Financial Highlights,” Syngenta’s 2004 Annual Report, http://www.syngenta.com/en/ar2004/financial_highlights.aspx on 28 May 2005.
[9] “Syngenta AG: Financial Fact Sheet,” Hoover’s Online, http://www.hoovers.com/ on 20 October 2005.
[10] “Syngenta AG: Financial Fact Sheet,” Hoover’s Online, http://www.hoovers.com/ on 2 March 2004.
[11] “Syngenta AG: Financial Fact Sheet,” Hoover’s Online, http://www.hoovers.com/ on 2 March 2004.
[12] Syngenta’s 2004 annual report http://www.syngenta.com/ on 28 May 2005.
[14] “Novartis Unveils Insecticide Product Priorities,” 9 February 1998, http://www.syngenta.com/en/media/article.aspx?article_id=9 on 5 March 2004.
[15] Search at http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Search_Chemicals.jsp#ChemSearch on 5 March 2004.
[16] “Dow AgroSciences Purchases Acetochlor Herbicide,” 30 October 2000, http://www.dow.com/dow_n ews/prodbus/2000/20001030a_pb.html on 5 March 2004.
[17] Michelle Thom, “EPA Approves Carcinogenic Herbicide,” Sustainable Agriculture Week, Volume 3, Number 7, 11 April 1994, http://www.panna.org/resources/pestis/PESTIS.burst.422.html on 5 March 2004.
[18] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Home.html on 6 March 2004.
[19] Audrey Thier, “The Toxic Treadmill: Pesticide Use and Sales in New York State 1997-1998,” Environmental Advocates New York Public Interest Research Group, October 2000, http://www.eany.org/reports/treadmill/recommendations.html on 6 March 2004.
[20] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/killerweeds/killer-4.html on 6 March 2004.
[21] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/killerweeds/killer-4.html on 6 March 2004.
[22] “Chlorothalonil Pesticide Fact Sheet,” Information Ventures, Inc., November 1995, http://infoventures.com/e-hlth/pestcide/chloroth.html on 6 March 2004.
[23] Chemical search for “chlorothalonil” http://www.pesticideinfo.org/ on 6 March 2004.
[24] “The Challenges of Differentiating Which Grasses to Control,” http://www.syngenta.com/en/products_services/topik_page.aspx on 6 March 2004.
[25] Office of Pesticide Programs United States Environmental Protection Agency, “List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential,” http://www.pested.psu.edu/infocenter/issues/fqpacanctab.pdf on 6 March 2004.
[26] “US Maximum Residue Levels in Food Commodities,” Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/mrl.clodinafop-propargyl.htm on 20 June 2005.
[27] Press Release, “EPA Sharply Restricts Consumer Use of Diazinon, Nation’s #2 Selling Home and Garden Insecticide” Environmental Working Group, http://www.ewg.org/reports/diazinon/pr.html on 6 March 2004.
[28] Press Release, “EPA Sharply Restricts Consumer Use of Diazinon, Nation’s #2 Selling Home and Garden Insecticide” Environmental Working Group, http://www.ewg.org/reports/diazinon/pr.html on 6 March 2004.
[29]Press Release, “EPA Sharply Restricts Consumer Use of Diazinon, Nation’s #2 Selling Home and Garden Insecticide” Environmental Working Group, http://www.ewg.org/reports/diazinon/pr.html on 6 March 2004.
[30] “Clioquinol/SMON and Pesticides/Polio,” Images of Poliomyelitis, http://www.geocities.com/harpub/smon.htm on 20 June 2005.
[31] “Ciba-Geigy Shipped DDT in Violation of FAO Code,” Global Pesticide Campaigner, June 1991 http://www.panna.org/resources/pestis/PESTIS.burst.38.html on 6 March 2004.
[32] “Pesticide Infromation Profiles: Lambda Cyhalothrin,” Extension Toxicology Network, http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/lambdacy.htm on 7 March 2004.
[33] “Pesticide Infromation Profiles: Lambda Cyhalothrin,” Extension Toxicology Network, http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/lambdacy.htm on 7 March 2004.
[34] “Metolachlor - Pesticide use statistics for 2003,” PAN Pesticides Database -California Pesticide Use, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_ChemUse.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34759 on 20 June 2005.
[35] Chemical search for “metalochlor” http://www.pesticideinfo.org/ on 7 March 2004.
[36] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/killerweeds/killer-4.html on 7 March 2004.
[37] “Curacron Insecticide: Mode of Action,” http://www.syngentacropprotection-us.com/prod/insecticide/curacron/index.asp?nav=MOA on 7 March 2004.
[38] Chemical search for “profenofos” http://www.pesticideinfo.org/ on 7 March 2004.
[39] Syngenta: A Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/profiles/syngenta/s .htm on 5 March 2004.
[40] “Biotechnology,” http://www.syngenta.com/en/about_syngenta/biotech_products.aspx on 24 August 2005.
[41] “Monsanto & Syngenta Monopolize Key Gene Marker Technologies,” ETC Group, 27 April 2001, http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=89 on 7 March 2004.
[42] See http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html.
[43] “Paraquat: Syngenta’s Remarkable Herbicide,” http://www.syngenta.com/en/products_services/fact_sheets/gramoxone8.html on 7 March 2004.
[44] “Paraquat: Syngenta’s Controversial Herbicide,” Global Pesticide Campaigner, Vol. 12, No. 3, December 2002, http://www.panna.org/resources/gpc/gpc_200212.12.3.05.dv.html on 7 March 2004.
[45] “Facts About Paraquat,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 May 2003, http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp on 7 March 2004.
[46] John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta’s Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf on 7 March 2004.
[47] “Gramoxone: The Herbicide with Unique Advantages,” http://www.syngenta.com/en/products_services/gramoxone_page.aspx on 7 March 2004.
[48] Barbara Dinham, “The Perils of Paraquat: Sales Targeted at Developing Countries,” Pesticide News, http://217.154.68.186/pestnews/pn60/pn60p4.htm on 7 March 2004.
[49] John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta’s Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf on 7 March 2004.
[50] John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta’s Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf on 7 March 2004.
[51] John Madely, “Paraquat-Syngenta’s Controversial Herbicide,” April 2002, http://www.evb.ch/cm_data/Syngenta_paraquat.pdf on 7 March 2004.
[52] “Syngenta Stands by Safety of Atrazine,” 7 June 2002, http://www.syngentacropprotection-us.com/media/article.asp?article_id=247 on 7 March 2004.
[53] Goldie Bulumensytk, “The Story of Syngenta & Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley: The Price of Research,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 31 October 2003, http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Syngenta-Tyrone-Hayes31oct03.htm on 7 March 2004.
[54] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Home.html on 7 March 2004.
[55] Brian Cohen et al, “Weed Killers by the Glass: A Citizens’ Tap Water Monitoring Project in 29 Cities,” Environmental Working Group, 17 August 1995, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Home.html on 7 March 2004.
[56] “Federal Cancer Risk Level Routinely Exceeded,” Environmental Working Group, 12 August 1997, http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/toughtoswallow/cancer.html on 7 March 2004.
[57] Goldie Bulumensytk, “The Story of Syngenta & Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley: The Price of Research,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 31 October 2003, http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Syngenta-Tyrone-Hayes31oct03.htm on 7 March 2004.
[58] “Syngenta,” http://www.panna.org/resources/documents/syngenta.dv.html on 7 March 2004.
[59] See http://www.scorecard.org.
[60] “Syngneta (Novartis) Doses Humans with Diazinon in an Effort to Save the Pesticide,” Environmental Working Group, http://www.ewg.org/reports/diazinon/humantest.html on 7 March 2004.
[61] Holly Knaus, “Ciba-Geigy Pushing Pulls and Pesticides,” Multinational Monitor, http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1993/04/mm0493_11.html on 7 March 2004.
[62] “Pharmaceutical Giant to Pay Fines,” Health Supreme, 21 June 2003, http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2003/06/21/pharmaceutical_giant_to_pay_fines.htm on 7 March 2004.
[63] Page Chichester, “Resurrection on the Rhine,” International Wildlife, September/October 1997, http://www.nwf.org/internationalwildlife/salmon.html on 7 March 2004.
[64] Baradan Kuppusamy, “Malaysia: Government Pulled in Opposite Direction on Pesticide Use,” InterPress Service, 23 July 2003, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=7714 on 7 March 2004.
[65] Information acquired from online searchable database of FEC PAC filings at http://www.politicalmoneyline.com on 26 December 2003.
[66] Information acquired from online search at http://www.opensecrets.org on 26 December 2003.
[67] Will Evans, “Senators Blast Agreement: Alliance with Novartis Comes Under Attack at Hearing,” The Daily Californian, 16 May 2000, http://www.lifesignsphoto.com/Earth/ChEarth/GMReport24.html on 7 March 2004.
[68] Kristin Gribben, “Biotech Profiles: Syngenta,” Capital Eye, http://www.capitaleye.org/bio-syngenta.asp on 7 March 2004.
[69] Kristin Gribben, “Biotech Profiles: Syngenta,” Capital Eye, http://www.capitaleye.org/bio-syngenta.asp on 7 March 2004.
[70] Spitzer, Skip, “Industrial Agriculture and Corporate Power,” Pesticide Action Network North America, June 2003, http://www.panna.org/campaigns/docsGe/indAgAndCorpPower.pdf on 24 August 2005.
[71] Will Evans, “Senators Blast Agreement: Alliance with Novartis Comes Under Attack at Hearing,” The Daily Californian, 16 May 2000, http://www.lifesignsphoto.com/Earth/ChEarth/GMReport24.html on 7 March 2004.
[72] Goldie Bulumensytk, “The Story of Syngenta & Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley: The Price of Research,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 31 October 2003, http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Syngenta-Tyrone-Hayes31oct03.htm on 25 August 2005.
[73] Goldie Bulumensytk, “The Story of Syngenta & Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley: The Price of Research,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 31 October 2003, http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Syngenta-Tyrone-Hayes31oct03.htm on 7 March 2004.
[74] “Company spent $260,000 lobbying for herbicide,” DuluthNewsTribune.com, 27 October 2004, http://www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/news/politics/10030367.htm on 21 June 2005.
[75] “EPA Review Clears Path for Atrazine,” 3 November 2003, http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/media/article.asp?article_id=424 on 7 March 2004.