PANNA
Corporate Profile: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont)
November 2005
On this page:
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DuPont at a Glance |
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Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology |
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Focus: CFCs, HCFCs and Ozone |
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Focus: Teflon and EPA |
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A Wide Range of Impacts |
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Undue Influence |
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Resources for Action |
In 2004, DuPont was ranked as the 66 th largest company in the U.S. by Fortune 500 . [1] DuPont is the third largest chemical producer (following Dow and ExxonMobil Chemicals). [2] The company's products include Teflon, paint, fibers, chemicals and pesticides. Controversies surrounding DuPont include lead in paint, inventing and producing ozone depleting CFCs (freon), price-fixing, mislabeling pesticides and producing leaded gasoline.
Key subsidiaries Pioneer Hi-Bred International (U.S.), Sementes Dois Marco (Brazil), Agroproducts Corey S.A. de C.V. (Mexico), Cereals Innovation Centre, Hybrinova S.A. (France), Plaguidas y Fertilizantes Nacionales S.A. de C.V. (Mexico), AO Khimpron (Russia), Optimum Quality Grains (U.S.), Pfister Hybrid Corn Co (U.S.), Protein Technologies (U.S.), Qualicon Inc (U.S. and U.K.), DuWest (U.S.) [3]
Employees 55,000 employees worldwide as of 2004 [5]
Manufacturing facilities Within the United States, DuPont maintains 40 research and development, and customer service labs. Internationally, the company owns more than 35 labs in 11 other countries. [6]
Revenues 2004 revenue was US$27.3 billion [7]
Net income In 2002, DuPont lost US$1.1 billion, in 2003 it made nearly US$1 billion, and in 2004 its earnings were nearly US$1.8 billion[8]
Executive compensation In 2004, DuPont paid its top five executives a total of US$3,769,220 in salary and US$5,275,000 in performance bonuses.[9] DuPont CEO C. O. Holliday, Jr. received a base salary of US$1,118,000 and performance bonuses of US$2,400,000.[10] (Figures do not include long-term compensation, unrealized performance bonuses and stock options.)
Type of corporation Public (traded on the New York Stock Exchange)
Pesticides and Agricultural Biotechnology
In 1999, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, among the largest of the company’s six business units, acquired Pioneer Hi-Bred—a top producer of genetically modified seeds. This transformed DuPont into the largest seed supplier in the world.[11] In 2004, the Agriculture and Nutrition unit generated sales totaling approximately US$6.2 billion.[12]
Pesticides
DuPont is responsible for a wide range of harmful pesticide products and ingredients, including:
Benomyl Highly persistent fungicide.[13] Has been linked to serious health problems including birth defects and heart, liver and kidney damage.[14] Also known for its toxic and lethal impact on microorganisms, earthworms and fish.[15] Litigants acting against DuPont have successfully sued the company for birth defects, crop damage and shrimp kills related to benomyl and its contaminants.[16] DuPont phased out benomyl in 2001 after paying a reported US$1 billion in litigation costs.[17]
Clopyralid Herbicide widely used on lawns and wheat crops.[18] Has been detected recently at significant levels in commercial and municipal compost in Washington, California, Pennsylvania and New Zealand, posing a threat to the rapidly growing composting industry.[19]
CyanazineRestricted use, triazine herbicide.[20] Cyanazine is a developmental and reproductive toxin, a mutagen and extremely carcinogenic.[21] Cyanazine is the most toxic of all triazine herbicides, and is said to be the most toxic of all herbicides found in drinking water.[22] Between 1990 and 1993, cyanazine was the fifth most commonly used herbicide in American agriculture.[23] It has been found in groundwater in 15 states and surface water in 30 states.[24] In 1995, average cyanazine levels exceeded EPA’s Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) levels in 13 of 29 cities tested by the Environmental Working Group.[25]In 1995, DuPont initiated a four-year voluntary incremental cancellation of cyanazine.[26]
Diuron Broad spectrum herbicide. According to California EPA, diuron is a chemical known to cause cancer.[27] In 1994, diuron was the fourth most frequently found pesticide in UK waterways, in excess of legal contamination levels.[28]
Mancozeb Cholinesterase inhibitor and fungicide that effects the nervous system, leading to fatigue, headaches, nausea and blurred vision.[29] Mancozeb exposure has been found to increase the incidence of skin tumors in mice and pancreatic tumors in rats.[30] According to the state of California, mancozeb is a known human carcinogen.[31]
Methomyl Methomyl is a highly toxic, restricted use, broad-spectrum, carbamate insecticide.[32] The insecticide has a myriad of toxicological impacts. In humans, it is a cholinesterase inhibitor. Exposure can cause blurred vision, chest discomfort, lack of muscle coordination, heart irregularities and paralysis of muscles. Additionally, methomyl has high eco-toxicity--it is highly toxic to birds, animals and aquatic organisms.[33] A study for the World Bank reported that the insecticide methomyl, in addition to methamidophos and paraquat, were deemed responsible for the majority of an estimated 11,000-33,000 annual poisonings in Guatemala.[34]
Oxamyl Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibiting, carbamate insecticide.[35] Oxamyl poses a grave risk to bird populations.[36] According to EPA, oxamyl can cause tremors, salivation and impaired nerve functioning.[37]
Agricultural Biotechnology
DuPont’s current biotechnology crops are insect resistant corn and herbicide resistant soybeans, corn and canola.[48] There are additional crops in the company’s biotechnology pipeline.[49] Since the mid-90s, DuPont has acquired a number of companies concentrating on genetic engineering. When DuPont acquired Pioneer Hi-Bred International, in 1999, the company secured itself a strong position in the biotechnology industry.[50]
Genetically engineered crops pose serious risks to public health and the environment, increase reliance on pesticides, deepen agribusiness control over farmers and undermine food security and sovereignty. Most biotech seeds are licensed to farmers, not sold: making it illegal to replant, save, trade, share or breed them as farmers have done for millennia. Global food security requires access to land, small-scale, ecologically based farming systems and the crop diversity needed to respond to varied and changing environments and growing conditions. Genetically engineered crops, in contrast, are an extension of industrial agricultural practices that concentrate land ownership, rely on synthetic pesticides, fertilizers and other off-farm inputs, and dramatically reduce crop biodiversity.
For an overview of agricultural biotechnology and its impacts, see PANNA’s online presentation, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods” (http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html).[51]
In Focus: CFCs, HCFCs and Ozone
DuPont developed chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a coolant and aerosol propellant in the 1930’s.[38] When a 1974 study revealed that CFCs were a likely cause of ozone depletion, DuPont failed to halt production. Despite mounting evidence of hazards linked to CFC production, DuPont conducted an aggressive campaign to oppose CFC phase-out legislation in the U.S. Senate. [39]
Due to public pressure, the company modified their CFC production, seeking to replace CFCs with a new generation of chemicals called hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) and hydroflourocarbons (HFCs). These substances persist in the environment and, while to a lesser degree, still deplete atmospheric ozone.[40]
In 1992, under intense public pressure, the company finally announced that it would “stop selling CFC’s as soon as possible” in the U.S. and other developed countries.[41] DuPont has continued to produce CFC’s in the developing world. Today, DuPont remains the largest producer of ozone depleting chemicals in the world.
In April 1991, EPA estimated that ozone depletion would cause an estimated one billion skin cancers and 17 million deaths worldwide over the next 50 years.[42]
The Environmental Protection Agency is preparing to take “formal action against DuPont soon” over allegations that the giant chemical company failed to report possible health and environmental problems linked to Teflon. IEPA is also seeking millions of dollars in fines from DuPont.[43] Teflon, used to make stain and stick-resistant surfaces, contains the highly toxic chemical perfluorochemical (PFC), also known as PFOA and C-8.[44]
EPA classifies PFC as carcinogenic in animals; in rats, it has been linked to testicular, pancreatic, mammary and liver tumors. Furthermore, the chemical has been linked to immune system and reproductive problems. Workers exposed to PFC have elevated cancer risk.[45] According to the Environmental Working Group, PFC is extraordinarily persistent and is commonly found in human blood and wildlife around the world. The chemical was found in the blood of more than 90% of a sample of people in the U.S.[46]
Though the compound is linked to a growing number of environmental and health hazards, DuPont maintains that PFC does not pose health risks. A spokesman for the company said, “Based on an evaluation of human health and toxicology studies…to date, no human health effects are known to be caused by PFOA [(i.e., PFC)], even in workers who have significantly higher exposure levels than the general population.”[47]
DuPont’s social and environmental impacts are very broad:
Hazardous wastes In December 2000, DuPont reportedly shared liability for 348 hazardous waste sites and set aside US$408 million for remediation.[52] As of January 2002, EPA named DuPont a potentially responsible party for 19 superfund sites.[53] The DuPont Dow Elastomers L.L.C manufacturing facility in Pontchartrain, LA, ranked among the worst 10% of similar facilities for total toxic releases. The facility releases vast quantities of chemicals that are recognized carcinogens, and developmental and reproductive toxicants.[54]
Lead paint DuPont manufactured lead paint and was named as a defendant in class action lawsuits brought by the state of Rhode Island and the city of Chicago, IL, among others.[55] The company was charged with selling lead-based paints despite knowing the harmful effects of lead, which includes brain damage, especially in children.[56]
Tetraethyl lead For decades, DuPont produced extremely toxic tetraethyl lead as a gasoline additive--intended to improve the efficiency and performance of internal combustion engines.[57] Scientists have condemned the use of leaded gasoline noting that the substance poses “a serious menace to public health,” including severe nerve damage, cumulative liver and kidney damage, and extensive hallucinations.[58] When the health risks of Tetraethyl lead became apparent, DuPont vigorously fought to contradict the evidence with a bold public relations and lobbying campaign.[59]
Price fixing According to court papers filed by auto-parts maker Freudenberg-NOK, DuPont conspired with other companies (such as Dow Chemical) to “artificially raise, fix, maintain or stabilize prices of…synthetic rubber in the United States.”[60] Similarly, DuPont was accused of and investigated for fixing paint prices, with companies including Akzo Coatings, BASF and PPG.[61]
Misbranded pesticides In 1998, DuPont was ordered to pay the largest administrative penalty in EPA history at the time--totaling US$1.89 million--for shipping pesticides without proper safety labels. DuPont sold and distributed Bladex and Extrazine herbicides while omitting required warnings for protective eyewear.[62]
To advance their interests, powerhouses like DuPont invest heavily in political and social influence. Some of DuPont’s efforts to influence policy and public opinion include:
Trade organizations and think tanks Some of the trade and policy organizations in which DuPont participates include:[63]
- American Chemistry Council (http://www.americanchemistry.com/)
- American Petroleum Institute (http://api-ec.api.org/)
- American Plastics Council (http://www.plastics.org/)
- Biotechnology Industry Organization (http://www.bio.org/)
- British Potato Council (http://www.potato.org.uk/)
- Business Roundtable (http://www.businessroundtable.org/)
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (http://www.ciit.org/)
- CropLife America (http://www.croplifeamerica.org/)
- EuropaBio (http://www.europabio.org/)
- Grocery Manufacturers of America (http://www.gmabrands.com/)
- International Chamber of Commerce (http://www.iccwbo.org/)
- U.S. Council for International Business (http://www.uscib.org/)
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (http://www.wbcsd.ch/)
- World Economic Forum (http://www.weforum.org/)
Campaign contributions DuPont political action committees (PACs) contributed a total of US$641,914 to federal candidates from 1994 to 2002 (70% to Republicans)— US$128,000 per election cycle.[64] DuPont gave more than US$345,750 in soft money contributions to the Republican and Democratic parties in the 1998, 2000 and 2002 election cycles.[65]
Lobbying From 1998 to 2004, DuPont spent a total of US$10,225,000 lobbying the U.S. government. In 2004 alone, the company invested US$1,370,000 while lobbying the U.S. government.[66] Additionally, many of the trade organizations to which DuPont belongs deploy teams of lobbyists. For example, the American Chemistry Council (formerly the Chemical Manufacturers Association) spent US$4.68 million lobbying in Washington in the first half of 1996 alone.[67]
Government connections DuPont CEO and Chairman Charles Holliday Jr. has served on President Bush’s National Infrastructure Advisory Council.[68] Richard H. Brown, a member of DuPont’s board of directors, serves on the President’s National Security Telecommunication Advisory Committee.[69] Director William K. Reilly is a former administrator of EPA and Director Charles M. Vest serves on the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology.[70]
Groups and individuals are taking action to hold DuPont accountable for its impacts. The following resources are good starting points for more information about DuPont.
Ground Up (http://www.groundup.org/fwho.htm)
Action for Solidarity, Equality, Environment and Diversity (ASEED)’s
DuPont profile focuses on the company’s involvement with genetically
modified crops.
Corporate Watch UK
(http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont.htm)
DuPont corporate profile includes information about DuPont’s history,
products, subsidiaries, corporate crimes and political influences.
Environmental Working Group
(http://www.ewg.org/news/eclips.php?reportid=138,127,140)
Reports and articles about Teflon and DuPont.
DuPont Chemical Corporation (http://www.dupont.com)
DuPont’s Web site.
Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org)
Environmental
Defense’s toxic release information Web site. You can look up DuPont’s
toxic release information and locations of its U.S. facilities.
Hoovers online (http://www.hoovers.com)
Provides financial information about DuPont and links to detailed reports and filings.
PAN Pesticides Database (http://www.pesticideinfo.org)
Pesticide Action Network North America’s pesticide database allows you
to search for toxicity, regulatory and other information by chemical or
product.
[1] "E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: Rankings," Hoover's Online, < http://www.hoovers.com/ > on 15 September 2005.
[2] "E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company," Hoover's Online, < http://www.hoovers.com/ > on 15 September 2005.
[3] "Dupont, E.I. De Nemours & Company (Inc)," Gene Watch UK, < http://www.genewatch.org/GeneSrch/Companies/DuPont.htm > 13 September 2005.
[4]"DuPont 2004 Annual Review," 18 March 2005 < http:// www1.dupont.com/dupontglobal/corp/documents/US/en_US/news/publications/dupfinancial/2004review.pdf > on 26 September 2005.
[5] "Company at a Glance," < http://www.dupont.com/ > on 31 March 2004.
[6] "Company at a Glance," < http://www.dupont.com/ > on 31 March 2004.
[7] "Company at a Glance," < http://www.dupont.com/ > on 31 March 2004.
[8] “Dupont: Financial Fact Sheet,” Hoover’s Online, <http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/fin/factsheet.xhtml?COID=10487> on 31 March 2004.
[9] “E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,” Hoover’s Online, <http://www.hoovers.com/> on 14 September 2005.
[10] “E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,” Hoover’s Online, <http://www.hoovers.com/> on 14 September 2005.
[11] “DuPont Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, <http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont.htm> 1 April 2004.
[12] “DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition,” Hoovers Online, <http://premium.hoovers.com/subscribe/co/factsheet.xhtml?COID=105170> on 2 April 2004.
[13] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Benomyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/benomyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[14 “Benlate/Benomyl,” Injury Board, <http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Topic=1175> on 2 April 2004.
[15] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Benomyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/benomyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[16] “DuPont Withdraws Benlate from Market,” Pesticide Action Network, 7 May 2001, <http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20010507.dv.html> on 2 April 2004.
[17] “Benlate/Benomyl,” Injury Board, <http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Topic=1175> on 2 April 2004.
[18] Green, Emily, “Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass,” LA Times, 27 December 2001, <http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Clopyralid-Composting-Dow.htm> on 11 August 2003.
[19] Green, Emily, “Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass,” LA Times, 27 December 2001, <http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Clopyralid-Composting-Dow.htm> on 11 August 2003.
[20] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Cyanazine,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/cyanazin.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[21] “Background Information on Cyanazine,” Environmental Working Group, 2 August 1995, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/Cyanazine/Cyanazine.html> on 2 April 2004.
[22] “Weed Killers by the Glass,” Environmental Working Group, August 1995, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Exec.html> on 22 September 2005.
[23] “Pesticides and Breast Cancer Risk, an Evaluation of Cyanazine,” Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, March 1998, <http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Pesticide/fs17.cyanazine.cfm> on 2 April 2004.
[24] “Background Information on Cyanazine,” Environmental Working Group, 2 August 1995, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/Cyanazine/Cyanazine.html> on 2 April 2004.
[25] “Weed Killers by the Glass,” Environmental Working Group, August 1995, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Exec.html> on 2 April 2004.
[26] “Cyanazine; Cancellation Order,” Environmental Protection Agency, 6 2000 January, <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2000/January/Day-06/p274.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[27] “Proposition 65 – Changes to the Proposition 65 List,” Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 31 May 2002, <http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/out_of_date/53102P65notice.html> on 2 April 2004.
[28] “New Label Instruction for Diuron,” Pesticide News, No. 25, September 1994, <http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn25/pn25p19b.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[29] “Mancozeb Factsheet,” Center for Ethics and Toxics, <http://www.cetos.org/criticalhabitat/mancozeb.pdf> on 2 April 2004.
[30] “Pesticides and Breast Cancer Risk, an Evaluation of Mancozeb,” Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, June 2000, <http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Pesticide/fs38.mancozeb.cfm> on 2 April 2004.
[31] “Mancozeb Factsheet,” Center for Ethics and Toxics, <http://www.cetos.org/criticalhabitat/mancozeb.pdf> on 2 April 2004.
[32] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Methomyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/methomyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[33] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Methomyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/methomyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[34] “Safe Use in Guatemala- Are Industry Projects Effective?,” PAN UK, <http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn43/pn43p8.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[35] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Oxamyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/oxamyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[36] “Pesticide Information Profiles: Oxamyl,” Extension Toxicology Network, June 1996, <http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/oxamyl.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[37] “Consumer Factsheet on: Oxamyl,” Environmental Protection Agency, <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/oxamyl.html> on 2 April 2004.
[38] “DuPont Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, <http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont4.htm> on 1 April 2004.
[39] “DuPont Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, <http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont4.htm> on 1 April 2004.
[40] “DuPont Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, <http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont4.htm> 1 April 2004.
[41] “DuPont,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, 19 September 2005 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont> on 20 September 2005.
[42] “How to Civilize Corporate Behavior,” Rachel’s Hazardous Waste News, No. 259, 13 November 1991, <http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn259.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[43]“Chemical Compound in Dupont’s Teflon a Likely Carcinogen,” Organic Consumer’s Association, 29 June 2005, <http://www.organicconsumers.org/foodsafety/dupont070105.cfm> on 27 September 2005.
[44] “PFCs: A Family of Chemical that Contaminate the Planet,” Environmental Working Group, April 2003, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/pfcworld/index.php> on 27 September 2005.
[45] “PFCs, Part 4: PFC Health Concerns,” Environmental Working Group, April 2003, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/pfcworld/part4.php> on 27 September 2005.
[46] “PFCs: A Family of Chemical that Contaminate the Planet,” Environmental Working Group, April 2003, <http://www.ewg.org/reports/pfcworld/index.php> on 2 April 2004.
[47]“Chemical Compounds in Dupont’s Teflon a Likely Carcinogen,” Organic Consumer’s Association, 29 June 2005 <http://www.organicconsumers.org/foodsafety/dupont070105.cfm> on 26 September 2005.
[48] “Products with a Promise,” <http://www.dupont.com/biotech/difference/products.html> on 6 April 2004.
[49] “Products with a Promise,” <http://www.dupont.com/biotech/difference/products.html> on 6 April 2004.
[50] “DuPont: The Gene Giant,” Groundup, <http://www.groundup.org/fwho.htm> on 27 October 2005.
[51] <http://www.panna.org/resources/geTutorial.html>.
[52] “KLD Profile: DuPont Company,” KLD Research & Analytics, Inc., 21 May 2002.
[53] “Corporate FactSheet: DuPont,” Pesticide Action Network, March 2002, <http://www.panna.org/resources/documents/dupont.dv.html> on 31 March 2004.
[54] Search of <http://www.scorecard.org/> on 1 April 2004.
[55] “Lead Paint Litigation Continues to Vex Chemical Industry,”(Markets: Specialties).(Brief Article) Chemical Market Reporter, September, 2002 by Lerner, Ivan.
[56] “Rhode Island drops lead paint suit against DuPont,” Ezilon Infobase: Community News & Articles, 1 July 2005, <http://www.ezilon.com/information/article_6324.shtml#top> on 26 September 2005.
[57] “Tetraethyl Lead,” <http://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_tel/floater.shtml> on 4 April 2004.
[58] “Chemical Sampling Information: Tetraethyl Lead (as Pb),” Occupational Safety & Health Administration, <http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270900.html> on 19 September 2005.
[59] “Albemarle Corporation,” CorpWatch, <http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=901> on 19 September 2005.
[60] “Auto parts maker sues Dow, DuPont,” Bloomberg News, 2 May 2003, <http://www.detnews.com/2003/autosinsider/0305/05/b02-153370.htm> on 4 April 2004.
[61] Sheila Loftus, “Price Fixing in the Refinish Industry,” Hammer and Dolly, March 2001, <http://www.hammeranddolly.com/pricefixing.html> on 4 April 2004.
[62] “Pesticide Labels Must Warn Workers of Dangers,” August 1998, <http://www.getipm.com/government/fifra-laws/dupont-labeling.htm> on 2 April 2004.
[63] “DuPont Corporate Profile,” Corporate Watch UK, November 2002, <http://archive.corporatewatch.org/profiles/dupont/dupont.htm > 1 April 2004.
[64] Information acquired from online searchable database of FEC PAC filings at <http://www.politicalmoneyline.com/> on 8 August 2003.
[65] Data acquired by soft money donor search for DuPont at <http://www.opensecrets.org/softmoney/index.asp> on 11 August 2003.
[66] “E.I. DuPont Denemours & Co,” The Center for Public Integrity, http://www.publicintegrity.org/lobby/profile.aspx?act=clients&year=2003&cl=L009035 on 27 October 2005.
[67] “Infact’s Hall of Shame Campaign,” <http://www.infact.org/> on 8 August 2003.
[68] “Board of Directors,” <http://www.dupont.com/> on 1 April 2004.
[69] “Board of Directors,” <http://www.dupont.com/> on 1 April 2004.
[70] “Board of Directors,” <http://www.dupont.com/> on 1 April 2004.